- 什么是数据可视化?
- 为什么要做数据可视化?
- 数据可视化的理论模型与语言
- 数据可视化的发展历史与分支
DV-01-Introduction
- What is data visualization?
- The use of computer-supported, interactive, visual representations of data to amplify cognition.
- Why do we need data visualization?
- Data visualization tools are key to ‘big data’ analysis
- One picture is worth ten thousand words
- Statistics may mislead the users
- Optical illusion: Use color, light and patterns to create images that can be deceptive or misleading to our brains.
- Reading a picture is faster to grasp the information than reading the text for humans. So we need to study the human perception system and learn how to design a good visualization.
DV Theory Model
DIKW 模型(概念 + 理解)
Data → Information → Knowledge → Wisdom(Ackoff, 1989)
你需要会:
- 每一层是什么意思
- 数据可视化主要解决哪一层(👉 Information / Knowledge)
数据可视化的模型(重点中的重点)
van Wijk 的 Visualization Model(2005)
要点:
- 对象(Squares):D(data), S(specification), I(image), K(knowledge)
- 行为(Circles):V(visualize), P(perceive), E(explore)
👉 考法:
- 图中某个字母代表什么
- “perceive”和“explore”有什么不同
Information Visualization Reference Model(Card et al.)
流程要能说清:
shell
Raw Data → Data Tables → Visual Structures → Views → Human中间有:
- transformations
- visual mapping
- interaction
Grammar of Graphics
核心作者与时间线(会考配对):
- Wilkinson(1999):Grammar of Graphics
- Wickham(2005):ggplot2
- Wickham(2010):Layered Grammar of Graphics
核心元素:
- Data
- Geometry
- Scale
- Aesthetics
- Coordinates
- Facets
三、历史部分怎么复习最省力(不死背)
记住 “人 + 技术 + 目的” 三件事即可。
关键人物(必认)
- William Playfair:折线图、柱状图、饼图
- Florence Nightingale:玫瑰图(说服)
- John Snow:霍乱地图(分析)
- Charles Minard:拿破仑远征(多维信息)
- John Tukey:EDA(探索性数据分析)
- Jacques Bertin:视觉变量理论
👉 考法:
“Who used visualization to persuade?” “Which visualization supports hypothesis generation?”
四、三大分支(几乎必考)
| 分支 | 数据类型 | 关键词 |
|---|---|---|
| SciVis | 空间数据 | volume, flow |
| InfoVis | 抽象数据 | network, hierarchy |
| Visual Analytics | 分析推理 | human + machine |
一句话记忆法:
SciVis 看空间,InfoVis 看结构,VA 看推理